垃圾浸出液厌氧处理研究

本研究采用厌氧—好氧生物氧化的工艺技术,自行设计和制造了一套有机玻璃为材料的模拟装置,对垃圾浸出液进行处理研究。经试验结果表明,利用本设计装置处理后的污水,可运到国家农田灌溉的污水排放指标并基本达到国家三类废水的排放指标。该成果已通过市级专家鉴定,并将应用于垃圾场淤出污水的处理工程。     

兔舍内气载需氧菌和气载葡萄球菌的检测

本研究采用A ndersen-6级空气微生物样品收集器,选用血-葡萄糖-琼脂培养基为采样介质,对两个不同种兔舍环境空气中需氧菌总数和葡萄球菌总数进行了检测,并对葡萄球菌的菌群组成进行了分析。结果表明,两个兔舍内需氧菌含量分别为1.73~85.8×103CFU/m3、2.71~9.66×103CFU/m3空气,葡萄球菌含量分别为0.94~7.84×103CFU/m3、1.02~6.54×103CFU/m3空气。兔舍空气中葡萄球菌主要包括金黄色葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、科氏葡萄球菌、头状葡萄球菌和马胃葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌的含量占葡萄球菌总数的26.3%~29.6%,其次是腐生葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌。另外,还对需氧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在A ndersen-6级收集器不同层级上的分布情况进行了统计分析,结果表明,约有56.4%的需氧菌和49%金黄色葡萄球菌分布在3~6层上,空气动力学直径(A erody-nam ic d iam eter,D ae)在6~0.2μm,它们能进入人、畜的气管、支气管,甚至细支气管,对饲养员和动物的呼吸道构成严重危害。     

Agronomic performance of an IR64 introgression line with large leaves derived from New Plant Type rice in aerobic culture

Aerobic culture is a promising water-saving technology in irrigated rice ecosystems, but the vulnerability of plants to fluctuations in soil moisture constrains leaf expansion and yield. The objective of this study was to examine whether an aboveground architecture with large leaves and reduced tillering is associated with vigorous leaf growth in aerobic rice culture. In a series of field experiments, we evaluated the agronomic performance of an IR64 introgression line, YTH323 (IR84640-11-27-1-9-3-2-4-2-2-2-B), with fewer tillers and larger leaves than IR64, derived from New Plant Type rice, under various water and nitrogen conditions. In flooded culture, YTH323 yielded the same as IR64 and 38% more than IR65564-44-51 (a New Plant Type rice) (9.0 vs. 6.6 t ha⁻¹). In aerobic culture, in contrast, it yielded 81% more than IR64 in slightly dry soils (5.1 vs. 2.8 t ha⁻¹). YTH323 had a higher leaf area index than IR64 and IR65564-44-51 under slightly dry soil conditions and under a range of nitrogen conditions. The higher and more stable yield of YTH323 in aerobic culture was attributable to greater early vigor, high specific leaf area, a high ratio of leaf weight to total biomass, and larger leaves, along with the characteristics of high-yield cultivars such as high responsiveness to fertilizers and good grain filling. We conclude that genetic modification of the aboveground architecture of IR64, a typical tropical lowland rice cultivar, to reduce tiller and leaf number improves adaptation to aerobic culture.     

微生物菌剂对厨余垃圾堆肥温室气体减排的影响

为对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中的温室气体进行减排,在60 L强制通风静态堆肥装置中进行为期35 d的厨余垃圾和园林废弃物的联合好氧堆肥试验。在堆肥原料中分别添加复合微生物菌剂VT1000（VT）、枯草芽孢杆菌（BS）和地衣芽孢杆菌（BL）三种菌剂,并以不加菌剂的堆肥处理（CK）作为对照,监测堆肥过程中的CH4和N2O排放,以研究不同微生物菌剂对于厨余垃圾堆肥温室气体排放的影响。结果表明：微生物菌剂的添加会加快堆体升温和促进腐熟,同时能够实现不同程度的温室气体减排。堆肥过程中N2O的排放量在总温室气体二氧化碳排放当量中占比远高于甲烷,达到总排放当量的76.83%～88.57%,排放高峰期分别出现在堆肥初期和腐熟期。甲烷的排放高峰期出现在堆肥降温期,累计排放量达到温室气体总排放当量的1.65%～2.40%。各处理的总温室气体排放当量分别为95.84 kg·t-1（CK）、52.31 kg·t-1（VT）、42.03 kg·t-1（BS）和62.49 kg·t-1（BL）。与CK处理相比,BS处理的总温室气体的减排效果最好,减排率为56.15%,BL处理的减排率最低,为34.80%,VT处理减排率为45.42%。相较于CH4,菌剂对N2O的减排效果更好,可达35.32%～61.86%。结合堆肥过程的温度及各腐熟度指标,该研究选取的微生物菌剂能够在保证堆肥效率和产品质量的前提下有效减少温室气体排放。     

不同填充料对鹿粪好氧堆肥效果的影响

[目的]为了研究玉米秸秆、玉米芯、稻壳3种填充料对鹿粪好氧堆肥效果的影响.[方法]采用仓式堆肥反应器,以鹿粪为底料,测定不同填充料堆体中温度、含水率、好氧速率、C/N比等指标随时间变化的动态过程.[结果]3种物料均可作为鹿粪堆肥的填充料,达到无害化的要求.[结论]当采用大粒径,具有疏松的多孔性结构的玉米芯同鹿粪堆肥,便于通风供氧,堆体升温和降温速度较快,高温持续时间较长,含水率下降迅速,堆体物料腐熟速度快,有利于推动堆肥进程加速进行.     

好氧反硝化菌的分离及其在土壤氮素转化过程中的作用

在土壤厌氧条件下发生的生物反硝化作用是影响作物对土壤氮素利用率和影响环境质量的重要氮素转化过程.本研究从土壤中分离到在好氧条件下也能进行反硝化的3株细菌.其中1株为严格好氧的异养菌,编号为AD26.另外2株为兼性菌,分别为AD7和AD60.根据其形态和生理生化特征初步鉴定为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）.在好氧培养的液体培养基中AD26和AD7在24h内能通过反硝化作用使硝态氮表观损失率分别达到21%和18%.而在好氧的土壤培养中,二个菌株在3 d内能使土壤中硝态氮表观损失率达到56%,同时少有反硝化中间产物的积累.因此,在农业生产中不应忽视在好氧条件下的生物反硝化作用.     

Influence of the water regime on denitrification and aerobic respiration in soil

Summary The influence of soil moisture on denitrification and aerobic respiration was studied in a mull rendzina soil. N₂O formation did not occur below –30 kPa matric water potential (_m), above 0.28 air-filled porosity (a) and below 0.55 fractional water saturation (_v/PV volumetric water content/total pore volume). Half maximum rates of N₂O production and O₂ consumption were obtained between _m = –1.2 and –12 kPa,a = 0.05 and 0.23, and _v/PV = 0.63 and 0.92. No oxygen consumption was measured at _v/PC 1.17. O₂ uptake and denitrification occurred simultaneously arounda = 0.10 (at _m = –10 kPa and _v/PV = 0.81) at mean rates of 3.5 µl O₂ and 0.3 µl N₂ h^–1g^–1 soil. Undisturbed, field-moist soil saturated with nitrate solution showed constant consumption and production rates, respectively, of 0.6 µl O and 0.22 µl N₂O h^–1g^–1 soil, whereas the rates of air-dried remoistened soil were at least 10 times these values. The highest rates obtained in remoistened soil amended with glucose and nitrate were 130 µl O₂ and 27 µl N₂O h^–1g^–1 soil.     

Comparisons of energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice fields in the Philippines

The seasonal and annual variability of sensible heat flux (H), latent heat flux (LE), evapotranspiration (ET), crop coefficient (K_c) and crop water productivity (WP_ET) were investigated under two different rice environments, flooded and aerobic soil conditions, using the eddy covariance (EC) technique during 2008-2009 cropping periods. Since we had only one EC system for monitoring two rice environments, we had to move the system from one location to the other every week. In total, we had to gap-fill an average of 50-60% of the missing weekly data as well as those values rejected by the quality control tests in each rice field in all four cropping seasons. Although the EC method provides a direct measurement of LE, which is the energy used for ET, we needed to correct the values of H and LE to close the energy balance using the Bowen ratio closure method before we used LE to estimate ET. On average, the energy balance closure before correction was 0.72 ± 0.06 and it increased to 0.99 ± 0.01 after correction. The G in both flooded and aerobic fields was very low. Likewise, the energy involved in miscellaneous processes such as photosynthesis, respiration and heat storage in the rice canopy was not taken into consideration.Average for four cropping seasons, flooded rice fields had 19% more LE than aerobic fields whereas aerobic rice fields had 45% more H than flooded fields. This resulted in a lower Bowen ratio in flooded fields (0.14 ± 0.03) than in aerobic fields (0.24 ± 0.01). For our study sites, evapotranspiration was primarily controlled by net radiation. The aerobic rice fields had lower growing season ET rates (3.81 ± 0.21 mm d⁻¹) than the flooded rice fields (4.29 ± 0.23 mm d⁻¹), most probably due to the absence of ponded water and lower leaf area index of aerobic rice. Likewise, the crop coefficient, K_c, of aerobic rice was significantly lower than that of flooded rice. For aerobic rice, K_c values were 0.95 ± 0.01 for the vegetative stage, 1.00 ± 0.01 for the reproductive stage, 0.97 ± 0.04 for the ripening stage and 0.88 ± 0.03 for the fallow period, whereas, for flooded rice, K_c values were 1.04 ± 0.04 for the vegetative stage, 1.11 ± 0.05 for the reproductive stage, 1.04 ± 0.05 for the ripening stage and 0.93 ± 0.06 for the fallow period. The average annual ET was 1301 mm for aerobic rice and 1440 mm for flooded rice. This corresponds to about 11% lower total evapotranspiration in aerobic fields than in flooded fields. However, the crop water productivity (WP_ET) of aerobic rice (0.42 ± 0.03 g grain kg⁻¹ water) was significantly lower than that of flooded rice (1.26 ± 0.26 g grain kg⁻¹ water) because the grain yields of aerobic rice were very low since they were subjected to water stress.The results of this investigation showed significant differences in energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice ecosystems. Aerobic rice is one of the promising water-saving technologies being developed to lower the water requirements of the rice crop to address the issues of water scarcity. This information should be taken into consideration in evaluating alternative water-saving technologies for environmentally sustainable rice production systems.     

自由空域对猪粪麦秸好氧堆肥的影响实验分析

为研究不同水平自由空域(Fas)对堆肥效果的影响,利用实验室小型反应器进行了好氧堆肥试验,使用等量猪粪分别与等量不同粒径(0～1 cm、2～5 cm和7 cm)麦秸按照质量比1∶0.086混合获得不同Fas水平(56.70％、62.67％和68.36％),利用温度传感器、氧浓度传感器动态监测堆肥过程中温度和氧气体积分数的变化,研究分析了堆肥始末含水率和挥发性固体(VS)含量的变化,并基于Matlab平台建立了基于温度、氧气体积分数等多因素Monod形式的VS降解动力学模型.试验结果表明:等量猪粪与等量麦秸混合堆肥,麦秸粒径产生的Fas差异对堆肥过程影响显著;所建立的基于温度、氧气体积分数等多因素Monod形式VS降解动力学模型模拟结果与实际测量结果一致.     

旱稻农田土壤水分变化特征研究

试验研究旱稻不同灌溉处理土壤水分变化特征结果表明,不同供水条件下农田土壤水分变化的主要层次均为80cm以上,120cm以下土层土壤水分处于相对稳定状态,且维持在相对较高水平;供水较多时旱稻水分耗散量、耗水强度也较大,而相同供水条件下旱稻水分耗散量和耗水强度又小于水稻对照;相同灌溉处理旱稻产量和水分利用效率均高于水稻对照;而充足供水有利于旱稻根系在0~20cm表层发育,但不利于其根系在下层生长,而W2可促使根系下扎,更充分利用下层水分。